Liu, X., Wang, W., Sun, Y.: Dynamic evaluation of autofocusing for automated microscopic analysis of blood smear and pap smear. In: 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. Sun, Y., Duthaler, S., Nelson, B.J.: Autofocusing algorithm selection in computer microscopy. In: Electronic Imaging 2007, International Society for Optics and Photonics, p. Shih, L.: Autofocus survey: a comparison of algorithms. Wakerly, M.: USB Serial for Android (2012) World Health Organization (1991)īudynas, R.G., Nisbett, K.J.: Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, 10th edn. Switz, N.A., D’Ambrosio, M.V., Fletcher, D.A.: Low-cost mobile phone microscopy with a reversed mobile phone camera lens. Smith, Z.J., Chu, K., Espenson, A.R., Rahimzadeh, M., Gryshuk, A., Molinaro, M., Dwyre, D.M., Lane, S., Matthews, D., Wachsmann-Hogiu, S.: Cell-phone-based platform for biomedical device development and education applications. IEEE, June 2012Ĭybulski, J.S., Clements, J., Prakash, M.: Foldscope: origami-based paper microscope. 5, 13368 (2015)Īrpa, A., Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Raskar, R.: Single lens off-chip cellphone microscopy, pp. Pirnstill, C.W., Coté, G.L.: Malaria diagnosis using a mobile phone polarized microscope. Tseng, D., Mudanyali, O., Oztoprak, C., Isikman, S.O., Sencan, I., Yaglidere, O., Ozcan, A.: Lensfree microscopy on a cellphone. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies - Volume 1: BIODEVICES, (BIOSTEC 2017), pp. Rosado, L., Oliveira, J., Vasconcelos, M.J.M., da Costa, J.M.C., Elias, D., Cardoso, J.S.: \(\mu \)SmartScope: 3D-printed smartphone microscope with motorized automated stage. Rosado, L., da Costa, J.M.C., Elias, D., Cardoso, J.S.: A review of automatic malaria parasites detection and segmentation in microscopic images. Rosado, L., da Costa, J.M.C., Elias, D., Cardoso, J.S.: Mobile-based analysis of malaria-infected thin blood smears: automated species and life cycle stage determination. Rosado, L., da Costa, J.M.C., Elias, D., Cardoso, J.S.: Automated detection of malaria parasites on thick blood smears via mobile devices. 52(1), 7 (2015)ĭolgin, E.: Portable pathology for Africa. Zachary, G.: Technology alone won’t improve health in Africa. Utzinger, J., Becker, S.L., Knopp, S., Blum, J., Neumayr, A.L., Keiser, J., Hatz, C.F.: Neglected tropical diseases: diagnosis, clinical management, treatment and control. The acquired images showed that it was possible to detect those agents through images acquired via the \(\mu \)SmartScope, which clearly illustrate the huge potential of this device, specially in developing countries with limited access to healthcare services. To extract these results, smears infected with blood parasites responsible for the most relevant neglected tropical diseases were used. These results showed similar performances when compared with conventional microscopy, plus the advantage of being low-cost and easy to use, even for non-experts in microscopy. In order to validate the prototype as a reliable alternative to conventional microscopy, we evaluated the \(\mu \)SmartScope performance in terms of: resolution field of view illumination motorized stage performance (mechanical movement precision/resolution and power consumption) and automated focus. The developed prototype allows autonomous acquisition of a pre-defined number of images at 1000x magnification, by using a motorized automated stage fully powered and controlled by a smartphone, without the need of manual focus. In this work we present our most recent advances towards the development of a fully automated 3D-printed smartphone microscope with a motorized stage, termed \(\mu \)SmartScope. These drawbacks are closely related with the increasing interest in the development of computer-aided diagnosis systems, particularly distributed solutions that provide access to complex diagnosis in rural areas. However, its quality and availability in rural endemic areas is often limited by the lack of trained personnel and adequate equipment. Microscopic examination is the reference diagnostic method for several neglected tropical diseases.
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